tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-17992120624063394132024-03-05T23:05:00.377-08:00IGSCE Combined Science 0653An overview of the Cambridge Combined Science (0653) course with study notes. igcse101http://www.blogger.com/profile/02882023597397078600noreply@blogger.comBlogger4125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1799212062406339413.post-50741156482030994102020-03-30T06:28:00.007-07:002023-09-20T01:10:01.937-07:00Physics Syllabus 0653 Syllabus 2025-2027<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on"><div style="border: 1pt solid windowtext; margin-left: 36pt; margin-right: 0cm; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-element: para-border-div; padding: 1pt 4pt;">
<p class="MsoListParagraph" style="border: none; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-between: .5pt solid windowtext; mso-padding-alt: 1.0pt 4.0pt 1.0pt 4.0pt; mso-padding-between: 1.0pt; padding: 0cm;"><b><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Physics
Syllabus 0653 Syllabus <o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
</div>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 36.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; margin: 0cm 0cm 0cm 36pt;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">The official CIE
syllabus can be found </span><span lang="EN-GB"><a href="https://www.cambridgeinternational.org/Images/662474-2025-2027-syllabus.pdf"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">here. </span></a></span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"> It is
best to always refer to the original syllabus. <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"> </span></p>
<div style="border: 1pt solid windowtext; margin-left: 36pt; margin-right: 0cm; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-element: para-border-div; padding: 1pt 4pt;">
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="border: none; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-between: .5pt solid windowtext; mso-padding-alt: 1.0pt 4.0pt 1.0pt 4.0pt; mso-padding-between: 1.0pt; padding: 0cm;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">P1. Motion, forces and energy</span></p></div>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none; text-indent: 36pt;"><u><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">1.1 Physical quantities and measurement techniques<o:p></o:p></span></u></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l40 level1 lfo1; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -18pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">·<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Describe the use of rulers and
measuring cylinders to find a length or a volume<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l40 level1 lfo1; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -18pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">·<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Describe how to measure a variety
of time intervals using clocks and digital timers<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l40 level1 lfo1; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -18pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">·<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Determine an average value for a
small distance and for a short interval of time by measuring multiples (including
the period of oscillation of a pendulum)<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none; text-indent: 36pt;"><u><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">1.2 Motion<o:p></o:p></span></u></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo2; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -18pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">·<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Define speed as distance travelled
per unit time; recall and use the equation v = s/ t <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo2; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -18pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">·<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Recall and use the equation
average speed = total distance travelled/ total time taken<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo2; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -18pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">·<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Sketch, plot and interpret
distance–time and speed–time graphs<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo2; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -18pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">·<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Know that an object moving with
increasing speed is accelerating, and that an object moving with decreasing
speed is decelerating<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo2; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -18pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">·<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Determine, qualitatively, from the
shape of a distance–time graph when an object is: (a) at rest (b) moving with
constant speed<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo2; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -18pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">·<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Determine, qualitatively, from the
shape of a speed–time graph when an object is: (a) at rest (b) moving with
constant speed (c) accelerating (d) decelerating<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo2; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -18pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">·<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Calculate speed from the gradient
of a straight-line section of a distance–time graph<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo2; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -18pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="color: red; font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="color: red; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Define acceleration for an object
moving in a straight line as change in speed per unit time; recall and use the
equation a = Δv / Δt*<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo2; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -18pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="color: red; font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="color: red; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Determine from given data or the
shape of a speed–time graph when an object is moving with constant
acceleration*<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo2; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -18pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="color: red; font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="color: red; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Calculate acceleration from the
gradient of a straight-line section of a speed–time graph*<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo2; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -18pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="color: red; font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="color: red; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Calculate the area under a
speed–time graph to work out the distance travelled for motion with: (a)
constant speed (b) constant acceleration *<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo2; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -18pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="color: red; font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="color: red; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Know that deceleration is a negative
acceleration and use this in calculations *<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo2; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -18pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="color: red; font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="color: red; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Know that the acceleration of free
fall g for an object near to the surface of the Earth is approximately constant
and is approximately 9.8m/ s2 *<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none; text-indent: 36pt;"><u><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">1.3 Mass and weight<o:p></o:p></span></u></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l24 level1 lfo3; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -18pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">·<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">State that mass is a measure of the quantity of matter in an
object<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l24 level1 lfo3; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -18pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">·<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">State that weight is the gravitational force on an object that has
mass<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l24 level1 lfo3; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -18pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">·<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Define gravitational field strength g
as the gravitational force per unit mass; recall and use the equation g = W m
and know that near to the surface of the Earth, g is approximately 9.8N/kg<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l24 level1 lfo3; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -18pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="color: red; font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="color: red; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Describe, and use the concept of, weight
as the effect of a gravitational field on a mass *<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l24 level1 lfo3; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -18pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="color: red; font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="color: red; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Know that gravitational field strength is
equivalent to the acceleration of free fall *<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none; text-indent: 36pt;"><u><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"> </span></u></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none; text-indent: 36pt;"><u><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">1.4 Density<o:p></o:p></span></u></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l45 level1 lfo15; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -18pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">·<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Define density as mass per unit
volume; recall and use the equation </span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l17 level1 lfo4; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -18pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">·<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Describe how to determine the
density of a liquid, of a regularly shaped solid and of an irregularly shaped
solid which sinks in a liquid (volume by displacement), including appropriate
calculations<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l17 level1 lfo4; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -18pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">·<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Determine whether an object floats
or sinks based on density data<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none; text-indent: 36pt;"><u><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">1.5 Forces<o:p></o:p></span></u></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l12 level1 lfo5; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -18pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">·<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Know that forces may produce
changes in the size, shape and motion of an object<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l12 level1 lfo5; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -18pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">·<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Determine the resultant of two or
more forces acting along the same straight line<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l12 level1 lfo5; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -18pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">·<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Describe friction as the force
between two surfaces that may impede relative motion and produce heating<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l12 level1 lfo5; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -18pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">·<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Know that friction (drag) acts on
an object moving through a liquid<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l12 level1 lfo5; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -18pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">·<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Know that friction (drag) acts on
an object moving through a gas (e.g. air resistance)<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l12 level1 lfo5; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -18pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">·<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Know that an object either remains
at rest or continues in a straight line at constant speed unless there is a
resultant force on the object<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l12 level1 lfo5; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -18pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="color: red; font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="color: red; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Recall and use the equation F = ma
and know that the resultant force and the acceleration are in the same
direction *<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none; text-indent: 36pt;"><u><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">1.6 Energy, Work, Power<o:p></o:p></span></u></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 90.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; margin: 0cm 0cm 0cm 90pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l39 level1 lfo16; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -18pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">o<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><u><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Energy<o:p></o:p></span></u></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo18; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -18pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">·<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">State that energy may be stored as
kinetic, gravitational potential, chemical, elastic (strain), nuclear,
electrostatic and internal (thermal) <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo18; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -18pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">·<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Describe how energy is transferred
between stores during events and processes, including examples of transfer by
forces (mechanical work done), electrical currents (electrical work done),
heating and by electromagnetic, sound and other waves<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo18; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -18pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="color: red; font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="color: red; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Recall and use the equation for
kinetic energy *<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo18; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -18pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="color: red; font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="color: red; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Recall and use the equation for the
change in gravitational potential energy *<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo18; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -18pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">·<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Know the principle of conservation
of energy and apply this principle to simple examples including the
interpretation of simple flow diagrams (Sankey diagrams are not required)<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 108.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; margin: 0cm 0cm 0cm 108pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l43 level3 lfo17; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -18pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">o<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><u><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Work<o:p></o:p></span></u></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l44 level1 lfo19; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -18pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">·<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Understand that mechanical or electrical work done is equal to the
energy transferred 2 Recall and use the equation for mechanical working <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 108pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l44 level3 lfo19; text-indent: -18pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">o<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><u><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Energy Resources<o:p></o:p></span></u></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l44 level1 lfo19; text-indent: -18pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="color: red; font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="color: red; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Know that radiation from the Sun is
the main source of energy for all our energy resources except geothermal,
nuclear and tidal *<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l44 level1 lfo19; text-indent: -18pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">·<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Describe
how useful energy may be obtained, or electrical power generated, from: (a)
fossil fuels (b) biofuels (c) water, including waves, tides, and hydroelectric
dams (d) geothermal resources (e) nuclear fission (f) light from the Sun (solar
cells) (g) infrared and other electromagnetic waves from the Sun to heat water
(solar thermal collectors) (h) wind (wind turbines) including references to a
boiler, turbine and generator where they are used<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l44 level1 lfo19; text-indent: -18pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="color: red; font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="color: red; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Know that
energy is released by nuclear fusion in the Sun (detailed knowledge of the
process of fusion is not required) 5 Know that energy is released by nuclear
fission in nuclear reactors (detailed knowledge of the process of fission is
not required) <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l44 level1 lfo19; text-indent: -18pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="color: red; font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="color: red; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Define
efficiency as: (a) efficiency = useful energy output /total energy input × 100%
(b) efficiency = useful power output /total power input × 100% recall and use
the equations *<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="mso-list: l44 level1 lfo19; text-indent: -18pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">·<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Understand, qualitatively, the concept of efficiency of energy transfer<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<ul style="margin-top: 0cm;" type="disc">
<ul style="margin-top: 0cm;" type="circle">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;"><u><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Power<o:p></o:p></span></u></li>
</ul>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span color="windowtext" lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Define power as work done per unit time
and also as energy transferred per unit time; recall and use the equations</span><u><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><o:p></o:p></span></u></li>
</ul>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 108.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; margin: 0cm 0cm 0cm 108pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l44 level3 lfo19; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -18pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Courier New";">o<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><u><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"> </span></u><u><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Pressure<o:p></o:p></span></u></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l44 level1 lfo19; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -18pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">·<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Describe how pressure varies with force and area in the
context of everyday examples </span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l44 level1 lfo19; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -18pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">·<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Define pressure as force per unit area; recall and use the
equation</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"> </span></p>
<div style="border: 1pt solid windowtext; margin-left: 36pt; margin-right: 0cm; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-element: para-border-div; padding: 1pt 4pt;">
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="border: none; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-between: .5pt solid windowtext; mso-padding-alt: 1.0pt 4.0pt 1.0pt 4.0pt; mso-padding-between: 1.0pt; padding: 0cm;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">P2. Thermal physics<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</div>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none; text-indent: 36pt;"><u><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">2.1 Kinetic particle model of matter<o:p></o:p></span></u></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 90.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; margin: 0cm 0cm 0cm 90pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo20; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -18pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">o<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><u><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">States of matter<o:p></o:p></span></u></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l18 level1 lfo6; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -18pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">·<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">State the distinguishing properties
of solids, liquids and gases<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l18 level1 lfo6; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -18pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">·<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Know the terms for the changes in
state between solids, liquids and gases (gas to solid and solid to gas changes
are not required)<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 90.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; margin: 0cm 0cm 0cm 90pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo20; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -18pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">o<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><u><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Particle model<o:p></o:p></span></u></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l18 level1 lfo6; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -18pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">·<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Describe the structure of solids,
liquids and gases in terms of the arrangement, separation and motion of the
particles and represent these states using simple particle diagrams<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l18 level1 lfo6; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -18pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">·<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Describe the relationship between
the motion of particles and temperature<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l18 level1 lfo6; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -18pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="color: red; font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="color: red; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Know that the forces and distances
between particles and the motion of the particles affect the properties of
solids, liquids and gases*<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l18 level1 lfo6; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -18pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="color: red; font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="color: red; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Describe the pressure of a gas in
terms of the forces exerted by particles colliding with surfaces, creating a
force per unit area *<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 90.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; margin: 0cm 0cm 0cm 90pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo20; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -18pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">o<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><u><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Pressure changes<o:p></o:p></span></u></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l18 level1 lfo6; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -18pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="color: red; font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="color: red; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Describe qualitatively, in terms of
particles, the effect on the pressure of a fixed mass of gas of: (a) a change
of temperature at constant volume (b) a change of volume at constant
temperature *<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none; text-indent: 36pt;"><u><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">2.2 Thermal properties and temperature<o:p></o:p></span></u></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 90.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; margin: 0cm 0cm 0cm 90pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo20; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -18pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">o<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><u><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Thermal expansion of solids, liquids and
gases<o:p></o:p></span></u></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l18 level1 lfo6; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -18pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">·<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Describe, qualitatively, the thermal
expansion of solids, liquids and gases at constant pressure<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l18 level1 lfo6; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -18pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="color: red; font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="color: red; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Explain some of the everyday
applications and consequences of thermal expansion*<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 90.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; margin: 0cm 0cm 0cm 90pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo20; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -18pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">o<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><u><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Evaporation<o:p></o:p></span></u></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l18 level1 lfo6; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -18pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">·<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Describe evaporation in terms of the escape
of the more energetic particles from the surface of a liquid<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l18 level1 lfo6; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -18pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">·<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Know that evaporation causes cooling of a
liquid<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l18 level1 lfo6; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -18pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="color: red; font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="color: red; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Describe how temperature, surface
area and air movement over a surface affect evaporation*<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none; text-indent: 36pt;"><u><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">2.2 Transfer of thermal energy<o:p></o:p></span></u></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 90.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; margin: 0cm 0cm 0cm 90pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo20; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -18pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">o<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><u><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Conduction<o:p></o:p></span></u></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l18 level1 lfo6; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -18pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="color: red; font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Identify and
give examples of typical good thermal conductors and bad thermal conductors
(thermal insulators) </span><span lang="EN-GB" style="color: red; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l18 level1 lfo6; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -18pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="color: red; font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="color: red; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Describe thermal conduction in
solids in terms of atomic or molecular lattice vibrations and also in terms of
the movement of delocalised (mobile) electrons in metallic conductors *<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 90.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; margin: 0cm 0cm 0cm 90pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo20; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -18pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">o<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><u><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Convection<o:p></o:p></span></u></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l33 level1 lfo22; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -18pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">·<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Know that convection is an
important method of energy transfer in liquids and gases 2 Describe convection
in liquids and gases</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l33 level1 lfo22; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -18pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="color: red; font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="color: red; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Explain convection in liquid and
gases in terms of density changes *<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 90.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; margin: 0cm 0cm 0cm 90pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo20; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -18pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">o<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><u><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Radation<o:p></o:p></span></u></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo21; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -18pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">·<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Know that thermal energy
transfer by thermal radiation does not require a medium and is mainly due to
infrared radiation</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo21; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -18pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">·<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Describe the effect of surface
colour (black or white) and texture (dull or shiny) on the emission, absorption
and reflection of thermal radiation<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo21; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -18pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="color: red; font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="color: red; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Know that the temperature of the
Earth is affected by the radiation absorbed by the Earth and the radiation
emitted by the Earth*<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo21; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -18pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="color: red; font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="color: red; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Describe experiments to distinguish
between good and bad emitters of thermal radiation *<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo21; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -18pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="color: red; font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="color: red; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Describe experiments to distinguish
between good and bad absorbers of thermal radiation *<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 72.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; margin: 0cm 0cm 0cm 72pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l31 level2 lfo7; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -18pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">o<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><u><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Consequences of thermal energy transfer<o:p></o:p></span></u></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l31 level1 lfo7; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -18pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">·<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Identify and explain some of the basic
everyday applications and consequences of conduction, convection and radiation<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"> </span></p>
<div style="border: 1pt solid windowtext; margin-left: 36pt; margin-right: 0cm; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-element: para-border-div; padding: 1pt 4pt;">
<p class="MsoListParagraph" style="border: none; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-between: .5pt solid windowtext; mso-padding-alt: 1.0pt 4.0pt 1.0pt 4.0pt; mso-padding-between: 1.0pt; padding: 0cm;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">P3. Waves<u><o:p></o:p></u></span></p>
</div>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 18.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; margin: 0cm 0cm 0cm 18pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none; text-indent: 18pt;"><a name="_Hlk115719856"><u><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">3.1 General properties of waves<o:p></o:p></span></u></a></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l9 level1 lfo8; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -18pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">·<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Know that waves transfer energy
without transferring matter<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l9 level1 lfo8; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -18pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="color: red; font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="color: red; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Know that for a transverse wave, the
direction of vibration is at right angles to the direction of propagation and
understand that electromagnetic radiation, water waves and seismic S-waves
(secondary) are transverse *<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l9 level1 lfo8; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -18pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="color: red; font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="color: red; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Know that for a longitudinal wave,
the direction of vibration is parallel to the direction of propagation and
understand that sound waves and seismic P-waves (primary) are longitudinal *<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l9 level1 lfo8; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -18pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="color: red; font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Describe what
is meant by wave motion as illustrated by vibration (oscillation) in ropes and
springs and by experiments using water waves</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="color: red; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l9 level1 lfo8; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -18pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="color: red; font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Describe the
features of a wave in terms of wavelength, frequency, crest (peak), trough,
amplitude and wave speed</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="color: red; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l9 level1 lfo8; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -18pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">·<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Describe how waves can undergo: (a)
reflection at a plane surface (b) refraction due to a change of speed<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l9 level1 lfo8; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -18pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">·<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Recall and use the equation for wave speed v
= f λ<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle"><u><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"> </span></u></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle"><u><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">3.2 Light<o:p></o:p></span></u></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 90.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; margin: 0cm 0cm 0cm 90pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo20; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -18pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">o<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><u><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Reflection of light<o:p></o:p></span></u></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l28 level1 lfo23; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -18pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">·<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Use ray diagrams to define the
terms normal, angle of incidence and angle of reflection<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l28 level1 lfo23; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -18pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">·<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Describe the formation of an
optical image by a vertical plane mirror and give its characteristics compared
with the object, i.e. same size, same distance from mirror, laterally inverted<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l28 level1 lfo23; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -18pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="color: red; font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="color: red; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Describe the formation of an optical
image by a plane mirror and explain why it is virtual *<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l28 level1 lfo23; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -18pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">·<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">State that for reflection, the
angle of incidence is equal to the angle of reflection; recall and use this
relationship<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l28 level1 lfo23; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -18pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="color: red; font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="color: red; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Use simple diagrams, measurements
and calculations for reflection by plane mirrors <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 90.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; margin: 0cm 0cm 0cm 90pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo20; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -18pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">o<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><u><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Refraction of light<o:p></o:p></span></u></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 54.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; margin: 0cm 0cm 0cm 54pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l42 level1 lfo24; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -18pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">·<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Define refraction as the change in direction of a light ray
passing from one medium to another<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 54.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; margin: 0cm 0cm 0cm 54pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l42 level1 lfo24; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -18pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">·<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Define and use the terms normal, angle of incidence and angle of
refraction using ray diagrams<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 54.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; margin: 0cm 0cm 0cm 54pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l42 level1 lfo24; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -18pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">·<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Describe the passage of light through a transparent material
(limited to the boundaries between two media only)<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 90.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; margin: 0cm 0cm 0cm 90pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l32 level1 lfo25; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -18pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">o<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><u><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Thin converging lens<o:p></o:p></span></u></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 54.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; margin: 0cm 0cm 0cm 54pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l23 level1 lfo26; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -18pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">·<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Describe the action of a thin converging lens on a parallel beam
of light and know that rays of light from an object at distance can be assumed
to be parallel<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 54.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; margin: 0cm 0cm 0cm 54pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l23 level1 lfo26; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -18pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">·<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Define and use the terms principal axis, principal focus (focal
point) and focal length<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 54.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; margin: 0cm 0cm 0cm 54pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l23 level1 lfo26; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -18pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">·<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Interpret ray diagrams for the formation of an image by a thin
converging lens, limited to real images<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 54.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; margin: 0cm 0cm 0cm 54pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l23 level1 lfo26; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -18pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">·<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Describe the characteristics of an image using the terms enlarged/
same size/diminished and upright/inverted<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 90.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; margin: 0cm 0cm 0cm 90pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l32 level1 lfo25; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -18pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">o<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><u><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Dispersion of light<o:p></o:p></span></u></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l9 level1 lfo8; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -18pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">·<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Describe the dispersion of light
as illustrated by the refraction of white light by a glass prism<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l9 level1 lfo8; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -18pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">·<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Know the seven colours (red,
orange, yellow, green, blue, indigo, violet) of the visible spectrum in order
of frequency and in order of wavelength <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none; text-indent: 36pt;"><u><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">3.3 Electromagnetic spectrum<o:p></o:p></span></u></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo9; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -18pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">·<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Know the main regions of the
electromagnetic spectrum (radio, microwave, infrared, visible, ultraviolet,
X-ray, gamma) in order of frequency and in order of wavelength<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo9; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -18pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">·<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Know that all electromagnetic
waves travel at the same high speed in a vacuum and at approximately the same
speed in air<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo9; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -18pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="color: red; font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="color: red; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Know that the speed of
electromagnetic waves in a vacuum is 3.0 × 108m/ s *<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo9; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -18pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">·<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Know some applications of the
different regions of the electromagnetic spectrum including: (a) radio waves;
radio and television transmissions, radar (b) microwaves; satellite television,
mobile (cell) phone, microwave ovens (c) infrared; remote controllers for
televisions, thermal imaging (d) visible light; vision, photography (e)
ultraviolet; detecting fake bank notes (f) X-rays; medical scanning, security
scanners (g) gamma rays; detection of cancer and its treatment<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo9; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -18pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">·<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Describe the harmful effects on
people of excessive exposure to electromagnetic radiation, including: (a) ultraviolet;
damage to surface cells and eyes, leading to skin cancer and eye conditions (b)
X-rays and gamma rays; mutation or damage to cells in the body<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><u><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"> </span></u></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><u><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">3.4 Sound</span></u><span lang="EN-GB" style="color: red; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo10; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -18pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">·<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Describe the production of sound
by vibrating sources<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo10; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -18pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="color: red; font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="color: red; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Describe the longitudinal nature of
sound waves in air as a series of compressions and rarefactions *<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo10; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -18pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="color: red; font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="color: red; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Describe, qualitatively,
compressions as regions of higher pressure due to particles being closer
together and rarefactions as regions of lower pressure due to particles being
spread further apart *<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo10; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -18pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">·<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">State the approximate range of
frequencies audible to humans as 20Hz to 20kHz 3 Know that a medium is needed
to transmit sound waves<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo10; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -18pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">·<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"> Determine the speed of sound in air using a
method involving a measurement of distance and time<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo10; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -18pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="color: red; font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="color: red; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Know that, in general, sound travels
faster in solids than in liquids and faster in liquids than in gases *<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo10; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -18pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">·<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Describe an echo as the reflection
of sound waves 7 Define ultrasound as sound with a frequency higher than 20kHz<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"> </span></p>
<div style="border: 1pt solid windowtext; margin-left: 36pt; margin-right: 0cm; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-element: para-border-div; padding: 1pt 4pt;">
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="border: none; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-between: .5pt solid windowtext; mso-padding-alt: 1.0pt 4.0pt 1.0pt 4.0pt; mso-padding-between: 1.0pt; padding: 0cm;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">P4 Electricity<u><o:p></o:p></u></span></p>
</div>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><u><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"> </span></u></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none; text-indent: 36pt;"><u><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">4.1 Electrical Quantities<o:p></o:p></span></u></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 90.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; margin: 0cm 0cm 0cm 90pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l32 level1 lfo25; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -18pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">o<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><u><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Electrical charge<o:p></o:p></span></u></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l14 level1 lfo11; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -18pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">·<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">State that there are positive and
negative charges<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l14 level1 lfo11; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -18pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="color: red; font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="color: red; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">State that charge is measured in
coulombs *<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l14 level1 lfo11; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -18pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">·<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">State that positive charges repel
other positive charges, negative charges repel other negative charges, but
positive charges attract negative charges<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l14 level1 lfo11; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -18pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">·<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Distinguish between electrical
conductors and insulators and give typical examples<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 90.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; margin: 0cm 0cm 0cm 90pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l10 level1 lfo28; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -18pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">o<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><u><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Electric current<o:p></o:p></span></u></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l37 level1 lfo29; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -18pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">·<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Know that electric current is related
to the flow of charge<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l37 level1 lfo29; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -18pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">·<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Know that electric current in
metals is related to the flow of electrons<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l37 level1 lfo29; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -18pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">·<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Describe the use of ammeters
(analogue and digital) with different ranges<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l37 level1 lfo29; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -18pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">·<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Know the difference between direct
current (d.c.) and alternating current (a.c.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l37 level1 lfo29; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -18pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="color: red; font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="color: red; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Define electric current as the
charge passing a point per unit time; recall and use the equation I = Q /t *<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l37 level1 lfo29; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -18pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="color: red; font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="color: red; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Describe electrical conduction in
metals in terms of the movement of delocalised (mobile) electrons *<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l37 level1 lfo29; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -18pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="color: red; font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="color: red; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">State that conventional current is
from positive to negative and that the flow of electrons is from negative to
positive *<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 90.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; margin: 0cm 0cm 0cm 90pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l26 level1 lfo30; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -18pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">o<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><u><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Voltage (electromotive force and
potential difference)<o:p></o:p></span></u></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l11 level1 lfo31; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -18pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">·<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Describe the voltage of the source
as the cause of current in the circuit<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l11 level1 lfo31; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -18pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="color: red; font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="color: red; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Define electromotive force (e.m.f.)
as the electrical work done by a source in moving a unit charge around a
complete circuit*<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l11 level1 lfo31; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -18pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">·<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-GB">Know that the voltage of the source is shared between the components in
a series circuit</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l11 level1 lfo31; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -18pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">·<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Describe the use of voltmeters (analogue and
digital) with different ranges<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l11 level1 lfo31; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -18pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">·<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Know that e.m.f. is measured in volts (V)<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l11 level1 lfo31; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -18pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">·<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Define potential difference (p.d.) as the
work done by a unit charge passing between two points in a circuit<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l11 level1 lfo31; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -18pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">·<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Know that the p.d. between two points is
measured in volts (V)<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 90.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; margin: 0cm 0cm 0cm 90pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l38 level1 lfo32; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -18pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">o<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><u><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Resistance<o:p></o:p></span></u></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l16 level1 lfo33; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -18pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">·<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Recall and use the equation for
resistance <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l16 level1 lfo33; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -18pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">·<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Recall and use the following
relationship for a metallic electrical conductor: (a) resistance is directly
proportional to length (b) resistance is inversely proportional to
cross-sectional area<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 90.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; margin: 0cm 0cm 0cm 90pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l36 level1 lfo34; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -18pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">o<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><u><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Electrical energy and electrical
power<o:p></o:p></span></u></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l34 level1 lfo35; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -18pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">·<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Understand that electric circuits
transfer energy from a source of electrical energy, such as an electrical cell
or mains supply, to the circuit components and then into the surroundings<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l34 level1 lfo35; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -18pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">·<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Recall and use the equation for
electrical power <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l34 level1 lfo35; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -18pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">·<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Recall and use the equation for
electrical energy <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l34 level1 lfo35; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -18pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">·<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Define the kilowatt-hour (kWh) and
calculate the cost of using electrical appliances where the energy unit is the
kWh<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none; text-indent: 36pt;"><u><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">4.2 Electrical circuits<o:p></o:p></span></u></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 72.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; margin: 0cm 0cm 0cm 72pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l19 level1 lfo27; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -18pt;"><a name="_Hlk115758288"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">o<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><u><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Circuit diagrams and circuit components<o:p></o:p></span></u></a></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l15 level1 lfo12; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -18pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">·<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Describe the formation of an
optical image by a plane mirror and give its characteristics<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l15 level1 lfo12; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -18pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">·<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Recall and use the law angle of
incidence i = angle of
reflection r recognising these
angles are measured to the normal<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l15 level1 lfo12; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -18pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">·<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Perform simple constructions,
measurements and calculations for reflection by plane mirrors<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 72.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; margin: 0cm 0cm 0cm 72pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l19 level1 lfo27; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -18pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">o<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><u><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Refraction of light<o:p></o:p></span></u></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo13; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -18pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">·<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Interpret and describe an
experimental demonstration of the refraction of light<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 72.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; margin: 0cm 0cm 0cm 72pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l19 level1 lfo27; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -18pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">o<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><u><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Thin converging lens<o:p></o:p></span></u></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo13; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -18pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">·<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Draw and interpret circuit
diagrams containing cells, batteries, power supplies, switches, resistors
(fixed and variable), heaters, lamps, motors, ammeters, voltmeters and fuses,
and know how these components behave in the circuit<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo13; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -18pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">·<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Draw and interpret circuit
diagrams containing generators and light-emitting diodes (LEDs), and know how
these components behave in the circuit<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 90.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; margin: 0cm 0cm 0cm 90pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l25 level1 lfo36; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -18pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">o<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><u><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Series and parallel circuits<o:p></o:p></span></u></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo13; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -18pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">·<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Know that the current at every
point in a series circuit is the same<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo13; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -18pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">·<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Know how to construct and use
series and parallel circuits<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo13; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -18pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">·<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Calculate the combined resistance
of two or more resistors in series<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo13; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -18pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="color: red; font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="color: red; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Recall and use in calculations, the
fact that (a) the sum of the currents entering a junction in a parallel circuit
is equal to the sum of the currents that leave the junction (b) the total p.d.
across the components in a series circuit is equal to the sum of the individual
p.d.s across each component (c) the p.d. across each branch of a parallel
arrangement of components is the p.d. across the whole arrangement *<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l29 level1 lfo37; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -18pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">·<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Know the advantages of connecting
lamps in parallel in a circuit 5 Know that, for a parallel circuit, the current
from the source is larger than the current in each branch<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l29 level1 lfo37; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -18pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">·<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Know that the combined resistance
of two resistors in parallel is less than that of either resistor by itself<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l29 level1 lfo37; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -18pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="color: red; font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="color: red; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Calculate the combined resistance of
two resistors in parallel *<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none; text-indent: 36pt;"><u><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">4.3 Electrical safety<o:p></o:p></span></u></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l13 level1 lfo14; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -18pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">·<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Describe the heating effect of
current<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l13 level1 lfo14; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -18pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">·<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">State the hazards of: (a) damaged
insulation (b) overheating cables (c) damp conditions (d) excess current from
overloading of plugs, extension leads, single and multiple sockets when using a
mains supply <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l13 level1 lfo14; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -18pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">·<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Explain the use and operation of
trip switches and fuses and choose appropriate fuse ratings and trip switch
settings (knowledge of RCDs (Residual Current Devices) is not required)<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l13 level1 lfo14; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -18pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">·<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Explain why the outer casing of an
electrical appliance must be either non-conducting (double-insulated) or
earthed<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 54.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; margin: 0cm 0cm 0cm 54pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l35 level2 lfo39; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -18pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">4.4<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><u><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Cells, batteries, generators and
motors<o:p></o:p></span></u></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo38; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -18pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">·<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Know that cells and batteries transfer
chemical energy into electrical energy<u><o:p></o:p></u></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo38; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -18pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">·<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Know that generators transfer kinetic energy
into electrical energy<u><o:p></o:p></u></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo38; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -18pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">·<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Know that electric motors transfer electrical
energy into kinetic energy<u><o:p></o:p></u></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><u><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"> </span></u></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><u><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"> </span></u></p>
<div style="border: 1pt solid windowtext; margin-left: 36pt; margin-right: 0cm; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-element: para-border-div; padding: 1pt 4pt;">
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="border: none; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-between: .5pt solid windowtext; mso-padding-alt: 1.0pt 4.0pt 1.0pt 4.0pt; mso-padding-between: 1.0pt; padding: 0cm;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">P5. Space physics<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</div>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 18.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; margin: 0cm 0cm 0cm 18pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><u><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">5.1 The Solar System<o:p></o:p></span></u></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><u><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"> </span></u></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l22 level1 lfo40; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -18pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">·<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Describe the Solar System as containing: (a)
one star, the Sun (b) the eight named planets and know their order from the Sun
(c) minor planets that orbit the Sun, including dwarf planets such as Pluto and
asteroids in the asteroid belt (d) moons, that orbit the planets<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="color: white; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 18.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; margin: 0cm 0cm 0cm 18pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none; text-indent: 18pt;"><u><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">5.2 Stars and the Universe<o:p></o:p></span></u></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 72.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; margin: 0cm 0cm 0cm 72pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l20 level1 lfo41; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -18pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">o<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><u><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">The Sun as a star<o:p></o:p></span></u></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l30 level1 lfo42; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -18pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">·<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Know that: (a) the Sun is the closest star to
the Earth (b) astronomical distances can be measured in light-years, where one
light-year is the distance travelled in (the vacuum of) space by light in one
year<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l30 level1 lfo42; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -18pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">·<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Calculate the time it takes light to travel a
significant distance such as between objects in the Solar System<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l30 level1 lfo42; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -18pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">·<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Know that the Sun contains most of the mass
of the Solar System and this explains why the planets orbit the Sun<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l30 level1 lfo42; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -18pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="color: red; font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="color: red; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Define orbital speed from the
equation v = 2πr/ T where r is the radius of the orbit and T is the orbital
period; recall and use this equation *<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l30 level1 lfo42; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -18pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">·<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-GB">Know that the force that keeps an object in orbit around the Sun is due
to the gravitational attraction of the Sun</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l30 level1 lfo42; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -18pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">·<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Know that the Sun is a star of medium size,
consisting mostly of hydrogen and helium, and that it radiates most of its
energy in the infrared, visible and ultraviolet regions of the electromagnetic
spectrum<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l30 level1 lfo42; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -18pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="color: red; font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="color: red; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Know that the strength of the Sun’s
gravitational field decreases and that the orbital speeds of the planets
decrease as the distance from the Sun increases *<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l30 level1 lfo42; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -18pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="color: red; font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="color: red; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Know that stars are powered by
nuclear reactions that release energy and that in stable stars the nuclear
reactions involve the fusion of hydrogen into helium *<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 72.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; margin: 0cm 0cm 0cm 72pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l41 level1 lfo43; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -18pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">o<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><u><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Life cycle of stars<o:p></o:p></span></u></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l27 level1 lfo44; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -18pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">·<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Know that stable stars are formed as
protostars from interstellar clouds of gas and dust due to gravitational
attraction<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l27 level1 lfo44; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -18pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="color: red; font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="color: red; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Know that the nebula from a
supernova may form new stars with orbiting planets *<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l27 level1 lfo44; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -18pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">·<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"> Know
that the next stages of the life cycle of a star depend on its mass: (a) a
small mass star (about the same mass as the Sun): red giant → white dwarf +
planetary nebula (b) a large mass star: red supergiant → supernova → neutron
star (c) a very large mass star: red supergiant → supernova → black hole<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 72.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; margin: 0cm 0cm 0cm 72pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l21 level1 lfo45; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -18pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">o<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><u><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Galaxies and the Universe<o:p></o:p></span></u></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo46; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -18pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">·<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Know that: (a) galaxies are each made up of
many billions of stars (b) the Sun is a star in the galaxy known as the Milky
Way (c) other stars that make up the Milky Way are much further away from the
Earth than the Sun is from the Earth<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo46; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -18pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">·<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Know that the Milky Way is one of many
billions of galaxies making up the Universe and that the diameter of the Milky
Way is approximately 100000 light-years<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo46; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -18pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="color: red; font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="color: red; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Know that the Big Bang Theory is
supported by many astronomical observations and states that: (a) the Universe
expanded from a single point of high density and temperature (b) the Universe
is still expanding (c) the Universe is approximately 13.8 billion years old *<o:p></o:p></span></p></div>
Unknownnoreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1799212062406339413.post-80438144800471895392020-03-30T06:28:00.004-07:002022-10-05T06:01:04.476-07:00Biology Syllabus 0653 Syllabus 2025-2027<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on"><div style="border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-element: para-border-div; padding: 1.0pt 4.0pt 1.0pt 4.0pt;">
<p class="MsoListParagraph" style="border: none; line-height: normal; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-between: .5pt solid windowtext; mso-padding-alt: 1.0pt 4.0pt 1.0pt 4.0pt; mso-padding-between: 1.0pt; padding: 0cm;"><b><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Biology
Syllabus 0653 Syllabus <o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
</div>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">The official CIE syllabus can be found </span><span lang="EN-GB"><a href="https://www.cambridgeinternational.org/Images/662474-2025-2027-syllabus.pdf"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">here</span></a></span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">. It is best to always refer to the original syllabus. <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"> </span></p>
<div style="border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; margin-left: 1.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-element: para-border-div; padding: 1.0pt 4.0pt 1.0pt 4.0pt;">
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="border: none; line-height: normal; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-between: .5pt solid windowtext; mso-padding-alt: 1.0pt 4.0pt 1.0pt 4.0pt; mso-padding-between: 1.0pt; padding: 0cm;"><b><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">B1. Characteristics of living organisms<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
</div>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 1.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-indent: 35.0pt;"><u><span lang="EN-GB">1.1 Characteristics of living organisms<o:p></o:p></span></u></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 37.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l9 level1 lfo19; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt;">·<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12pt;">Describe the characteristics of living organisms by
defining: </span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 37.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l9 level1 lfo19; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt;">·<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12pt;">(a) movement as an action by an organism or part of
an organism causing a change of position or place </span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 37.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l9 level1 lfo19; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt;">·<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12pt;">(b) respiration as the chemical reactions in cells
that break down nutrient molecules and release energy for metabolism </span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 37.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l9 level1 lfo19; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt;">·<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12pt;">(c) sensitivity as the ability to detect and
respond to changes in the internal or external environment </span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 37.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l9 level1 lfo19; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt;">·<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12pt;">(d) growth as a permanent increase in size and dry
mass </span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 37.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l9 level1 lfo19; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt;">·<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12pt;">(e) reproduction as the processes that make more of
the same kind of organism (f) excretion as the removal of waste products of
metabolism and substances in excess of requirements </span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 37.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l9 level1 lfo19; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt;">·<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12pt;">(g) nutrition as the taking in of materials for
energy, growth and development</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 54.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><b><span lang="EN-GB" style="color: white; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">0653
Biology<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<div style="border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; margin-left: 1.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-element: para-border-div; padding: 1.0pt 4.0pt 1.0pt 4.0pt;">
<p class="MsoListParagraph" style="border: none; line-height: normal; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-between: .5pt solid windowtext; mso-padding-alt: 1.0pt 4.0pt 1.0pt 4.0pt; mso-padding-between: 1.0pt; padding: 0cm;"><b><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">B2.
Cells<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
</div>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-indent: 36.0pt;"><u><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">2.1 Cell structure <o:p></o:p></span></u></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l10 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Describe and compare the structure of a plant cell with an animal
cell, limited to: cell wall, cell membrane, nucleus, cytoplasm, chloroplasts,
ribosomes, mitochondria, vacuoles<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l10 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Describe the structure of a bacterial cell, limited to: cell wall,
cell membrane, cytoplasm, ribosomes, circular DNA, plasmids<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l10 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Identify the cell structures listed in 2.1.1 and 2.1.2 in diagrams
and images of plant, animal and bacterial cells<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l10 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Describe the functions of the structures listed in 2.1.1 in plant
and animal cells<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l10 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="color: red; font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="color: red; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">State that specialised cells have specific functions,
limited to: (a) root hair cells – absorption (b) palisade mesophyll cells –
photosynthesis (c) red blood cells – transport of oxygen *<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l10 level1 lfo1; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt;">·<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12pt;">Describe the meaning of the terms cell, tissue, organ,
organ system and organism as illustrated by examples given in the syllabus<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none; text-indent: 36.0pt;"><u><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12pt;">2.2 Size of specimens<o:p></o:p></span></u></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l14 level1 lfo2; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt;">·<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12pt;">State and use the formula: magnification = image size/actual
size<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l14 level1 lfo2; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt;">·<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12pt;">Calculate magnification and size of biological
specimens using millimetres as units<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l14 level1 lfo2; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="color: red; font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="color: red; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Convert measurements between millimetres (mm) and
micrometres (μm) *<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="color: red; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"> </span></p>
<div style="border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; margin-left: 1.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-element: para-border-div; padding: 1.0pt 4.0pt 1.0pt 4.0pt;">
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="border: none; line-height: normal; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-between: .5pt solid windowtext; mso-padding-alt: 1.0pt 4.0pt 1.0pt 4.0pt; mso-padding-between: 1.0pt; padding: 0cm;"><b><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">B3. Movement into and out of cells<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
</div>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none; text-indent: 18.0pt;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12pt;"> <a name="_Hlk115631838"><u>3.1
Diffusion </u></a><u><o:p></o:p></u></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo3; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt;">·<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12pt;">Describe diffusion as the net movement of particles
from a region of their higher concentration to a region of their lower
concentration (i.e. down a concentration gradient), as a result of their random
movement<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo3; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt;">·<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12pt;">State that some substances move into and out of cells
by diffusion through the cell membrane<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo3; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt;">·<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12pt;">Describe the importance of diffusion of gases and
solutes in living organisms<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo3; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="color: red; font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="color: red; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Investigate the factors that influence diffusion,
limited to: surface area, temperature, concentration gradient and distance *<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="color: red; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><u><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12pt;">3.2 Osmosis</span></u><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo3; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt;">·<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12pt;">State that water diffuses through partially permeable
membranes by osmosis<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo3; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt;">·<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12pt;">State that water moves into and out of cells by osmosis
through the cell membrane<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo3; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt;">·<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12pt;">Investigate and describe the effects on plant tissues
of immersing them in solutions of different concentrations<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo3; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="color: red; font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="color: red; font-size: 12.0pt;">Describe osmosis as the net
movement of water molecules from a region of higher water potential (dilute
solution) to a region of lower water potential (concentrated solution), through
a partially permeable membrane *</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="color: red; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo3; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="color: red; font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="color: red; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Explain the effects on plant cells of immersing them in
solutions of different concentrations by using the terms: turgid, turgor
pressure, plasmolysis, flaccid *<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><u><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12pt;"> </span></u></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><u><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12pt;">3. 3 Active Transport </span></u><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l15 level1 lfo18; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="color: red; font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="color: red; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Describe active transport as the movement of particles
through a cell membrane from a region of lower concentration to a region of
higher concentration (i.e. against a concentration gradient), using energy from
respiration<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l15 level1 lfo18; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="color: red; font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="color: red; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Explain the importance of active transport as a process
for movement of molecules or ions across membranes, including ion uptake by
root hairs<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 1.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"> </span></p>
<div style="border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; margin-left: 1.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-element: para-border-div; padding: 1.0pt 4.0pt 1.0pt 4.0pt;">
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="border: none; line-height: normal; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-between: .5pt solid windowtext; mso-padding-alt: 1.0pt 4.0pt 1.0pt 4.0pt; mso-padding-between: 1.0pt; padding: 0cm;"><b><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">B4. Biological Molecules</span></b><u><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><o:p></o:p></span></u></p>
</div>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><u><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12pt;">4.1 Biological Molecules </span></u><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l17 level1 lfo4; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt;">·<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12pt;">List the chemical elements that make up:
carbohydrates, fats and proteins<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l17 level1 lfo4; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt;">·<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12pt;">State that large molecules are made from smaller
molecules, limited to: (a) starch, glycogen and cellulose from glucose (b)
proteins from amino acids (c) fats and oils from fatty acids and glycerol<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l17 level1 lfo4; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt;">·<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12pt;">Describe the use of: (a) iodine solution test for
starch (b) Benedict’s solution test for reducing sugars (c) biuret test for
proteins (d) ethanol emulsion test for fats and oils<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><b><span lang="EN-GB" style="color: white; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">0653
Biology<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<div style="border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; margin-left: 1.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-element: para-border-div; padding: 1.0pt 4.0pt 1.0pt 4.0pt;">
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="border: none; line-height: normal; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-between: .5pt solid windowtext; mso-padding-alt: 1.0pt 4.0pt 1.0pt 4.0pt; mso-padding-between: 1.0pt; padding: 0cm;"><b><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">B5. Enzymes<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
</div>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto;"><u><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">5.1 Enzymes<o:p></o:p></span></u></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo5; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt;">·<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12pt;">Describe enzymes as proteins that are involved in all
metabolic reactions, where they function as biological catalysts<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo5; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt;">·<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12pt;">Investigate and describe the effect of changes in
temperature and pH on enzyme activity<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo5; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="color: red; font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="color: red; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Describe and explain enzyme action with reference to:
the active site, enzyme substrate complex, substrate and product *<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo5; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="color: red; font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="color: red; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"> Describe and
explain the specificity of enzymes in terms of the complementary shape and fit
of the active site with the substrate*<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="color: red; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><b><span lang="EN-GB" style="color: white; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"> </span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><b><span lang="EN-GB" style="color: white; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"> Biology</span></b><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<div style="border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; margin-left: 1.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-element: para-border-div; padding: 1.0pt 4.0pt 1.0pt 0cm;">
<p class="MsoListParagraph" style="border: none; line-height: normal; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-between: .5pt solid windowtext; mso-padding-alt: 1.0pt 4.0pt 1.0pt 0cm; mso-padding-between: 1.0pt; padding: 0cm; text-indent: 35.0pt;"><b><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">B6. Plant Nutrition<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
</div>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none; text-indent: 36.0pt;"><u><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12pt;">6.1 Photosynthesis<o:p></o:p></span></u></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo6; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt;">·<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12pt;">Describe photosynthesis as the process by which plants
synthesise carbohydrates from raw materials using energy from light<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo6; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt;">·<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12pt;">State the word equation for photosynthesis as: carbon
dioxide + water → glucose + oxygen in the presence of light and chlorophyll<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo6; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt;">·<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12pt;">State that chlorophyll is a green pigment that is
found in chloroplasts<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo6; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt;">·<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12pt;">Investigate and understand the need for chlorophyll,
light and carbon dioxide for photosynthesis<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo6; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="color: red; font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="color: red; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">State the balanced symbol equation for photosynthesis
as: 6CO2 + 6H2O → C6H12O6 + 6O2 *<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo6; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="color: red; font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="color: red; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">State that chlorophyll transfers energy from light into
energy in chemicals, for the synthesis of carbohydrates *<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo6; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="color: red; font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="color: red; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Understand and describe the effect of varying light
intensity, carbon dioxide concentration and temperature on the rate of
photosynthesis *<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo6; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="color: red; font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="color: red; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Understand and describe the effect of light and dark conditions
on gas exchange in an aquatic plant using hydrogencarbonate indicator solution
*<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><b><span lang="EN-GB" style="color: white; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Biology</span></b><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><u><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12pt;">6.2 Leaf Structure<o:p></o:p></span></u></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l19 level1 lfo7; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt;">·<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12pt;">Identify in diagrams and images the following
structures in the leaf of a dicotyledonous plant: chloroplasts, cuticle, guard
cells and stomata, upper and lower epidermis, palisade mesophyll, spongy
mesophyll, air spaces, vascular bundles, xylem and phloem<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><b><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12pt;"> </span></b></p>
<div style="border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; margin-left: 1.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-element: para-border-div; padding: 1.0pt 4.0pt 1.0pt 4.0pt;">
<p class="MsoListParagraph" style="border: none; line-height: normal; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-between: .5pt solid windowtext; mso-padding-alt: 1.0pt 4.0pt 1.0pt 4.0pt; mso-padding-between: 1.0pt; padding: 0cm;"><b><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">B7.
Human Nutrition<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
</div>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none; text-indent: 36.0pt;"><u><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12pt;">7.1 Diet<o:p></o:p></span></u></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo8; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt;">·<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12pt;">Describe what is meant by a balanced diet<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo8; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt;">·<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12pt;">State the principal dietary sources and describe the importance
of: (a) carbohydrates (b) fats and oils (c) proteins (d) vitamins, limited to C
and D (e) mineral ions, limited to calcium and iron (f) fibre (roughage) (g)
water<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none; text-indent: 36.0pt;"><u><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12pt;">7.2 Digestive system<o:p></o:p></span></u></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l13 level1 lfo9; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt;">·<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12pt;">Identify in diagrams and images the main organs of the
digestive system limited to: (a) alimentary canal; mouth, oesophagus, stomach,
small intestine (duodenum and ileum) and large intestine (colon, rectum and
anus) (b) associated organs; salivary glands, pancreas, liver and gall bladder <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l13 level1 lfo9; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt;">·<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12pt;">Describe the functions of the organs of the digestive
system listed in 7.2.1, in relation to: (a) ingestion – the taking of
substances, e.g. food and drink, into the body (b) digestion – the breakdown of
food (c) absorption – the movement of nutrients from the intestines into the
blood (d) assimilation – uptake and use of nutrients by cells (e) egestion –
the removal of undigested food from the body as faeces<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><u><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12pt;">7.2 Digestion<o:p></o:p></span></u></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l13 level1 lfo9; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt;">·<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12pt;">Describe physical digestion as the breakdown of food
into smaller pieces without chemical change to the food molecules<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l13 level1 lfo9; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt;">·<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12pt;">Describe chemical digestion as the breakdown of large
insoluble molecules into small soluble molecules<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l13 level1 lfo9; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="color: red; font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="color: red; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">State that physical digestion increases the surface area
of food for the action of enzymes in chemical digestion *<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l13 level1 lfo9; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="color: red; font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="color: red; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">State the role of chemical digestion in producing small
soluble molecules that can be absorbed* <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l13 level1 lfo9; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="color: red; font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="color: red; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Describe the functions of enzymes as follows: (a)
amylase breaks down starch to simple reducing sugars (b) proteases break down
protein to amino acids (c) lipase breaks down fats and oils to fatty acids and
glycerol *<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l13 level1 lfo9; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="color: red; font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="color: red; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">State where, in the digestive system, amylase, protease
and lipase are secreted and where they act* <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l13 level1 lfo9; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="color: red; font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="color: red; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Describe the functions of hydrochloric acid in gastric
juice, limited to killing harmful microorganisms in food and providing an
acidic pH for optimum enzyme activity of proteases in the stomach *<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="color: red; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"> </span></p>
<div style="border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; margin-left: 1.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-element: para-border-div; padding: 1.0pt 4.0pt 1.0pt 4.0pt;">
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="border: none; line-height: normal; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-between: .5pt solid windowtext; mso-padding-alt: 1.0pt 4.0pt 1.0pt 4.0pt; mso-padding-between: 1.0pt; padding: 0cm;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">B8. Transport in Plants<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</div>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none; text-indent: 36.0pt;"><u><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12pt;">8.1 Xylem and phloem<o:p></o:p></span></u></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l18 level1 lfo10; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt;">·<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12pt;">State the functions of xylem and phloem: (a) xylem –
transport of water and mineral ions, and support (b) phloem – transport of
sucrose and amino acids<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l18 level1 lfo10; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt;">·<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12pt;">Identify in diagrams and images the position of xylem
and phloem as seen in sections of roots, stems and leaves of non-woody
dicotyledonous plants<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none; text-indent: 36.0pt;"><u><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12pt;"> </span></u></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none; text-indent: 36.0pt;"><u><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12pt;">8.2 Water Uptake<o:p></o:p></span></u></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo11; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt;">·<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12pt;">Identify in diagrams and images root hair cells and
state their functions<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo11; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="color: red; font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="color: red; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">State that the large surface area of root hairs
increases the uptake of water and mineral ions* <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo11; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt;">·<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12pt;">Outline the pathway taken by water through the root
hair cells, root cortex cells, xylem and mesophyll cells<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle"><u><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">8.2 Transpiration<o:p></o:p></span></u></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l12 level1 lfo20; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">·<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Describe transpiration as the loss of water vapour from leaves<u><o:p></o:p></u></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="mso-list: l12 level1 lfo20; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="color: red; font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="color: red; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Investigate and describe the effects of variation of temperature and
wind speed on transpiration rate* <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="color: red; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"> </span></p>
<div style="border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; margin-left: 1.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-element: para-border-div; padding: 1.0pt 4.0pt 1.0pt 4.0pt;">
<p class="MsoListParagraph" style="border: none; line-height: normal; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-between: .5pt solid windowtext; mso-padding-alt: 1.0pt 4.0pt 1.0pt 4.0pt; mso-padding-between: 1.0pt; padding: 0cm;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">B9. Transport in animals<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</div>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><b><span lang="EN-GB" style="color: white; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Biology</span></b><span lang="EN-GB" style="border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm;"> </span><u><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12pt;">9.1 Circulatory systems<o:p></o:p></span></u></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l11 level1 lfo12; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt;">·<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12pt;">Describe the circulatory system as a system of blood
vessels with a pump and valves to ensure one-way flow of blood<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><u><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12pt;">9.2 Heart<o:p></o:p></span></u></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo13; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt;">·<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12pt;">Identify in diagrams and images the structures of the
mammalian heart, limited to: muscular wall, septum, left and right ventricles,
left and right atria, one-way valves and coronary arteries<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo13; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt;">·<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12pt;">State that blood is pumped away from the heart in
arteries and returns to the heart in veins<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo13; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt;">·<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12pt;">State that the activity of the heart may be monitored
by: ECG (electrocardiogram), pulse rate and listening to sounds of valves
closing<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo13; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="color: red; font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="color: red; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Describe the functioning of the heart in terms of the
contraction of muscles of the atria and ventricles and the action of the valves
*<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo13; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt;">·<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12pt;">Investigate and describe the effect of physical activity
on heart rate<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo13; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="color: red; font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="color: red; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Explain the effect of physical activity on the heart
rate *<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo13; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="color: red; font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="color: red; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Describe coronary heart disease in terms of the blockage
of coronary arteries and state the possible risk factors including: diet, lack
of exercise, stress, smoking, genetic predisposition, age and sex *<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo13; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="color: red; font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="color: red; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Discuss the roles of diet and exercise in reducing the
risk of coronary heart disease *<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="color: red; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 36.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><u><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12pt;">9.3 Blood vessels<o:p></o:p></span></u></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l16 level1 lfo21; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt;">·<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12pt;">Describe the structure of arteries, veins and
capillaries, limited to: relative thickness of wall, diameter of the lumen and
the presence of valves in veins<u><o:p></o:p></u></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l16 level1 lfo21; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="color: red; font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="color: red; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Explain how the structure of arteries and veins is
related to the pressure of the blood that they transport*<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="color: red; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 36.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><a name="_Hlk115633476"><u><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12pt;">9.4
Blood<o:p></o:p></span></u></a></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l16 level1 lfo21; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt;">·<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12pt;">List the components of blood as: red blood cells, white
blood cells, platelets and plasma<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l16 level1 lfo21; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt;">·<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12pt;">Identify red and white blood cells in photomicrographs
and diagrams<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l16 level1 lfo21; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt;">·<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12pt;">State the functions of the following components of blood:
(a) red blood cells in transporting oxygen, including the role of haemoglobin
(b) white blood cells in phagocytosis and antibody production (c) platelets in
clotting (details are not required) (d) plasma in the transport of blood cells,
ions, nutrients, urea, hormones and carbon dioxide<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l16 level1 lfo21; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="color: red; font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="color: red; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">State the roles of blood clotting as preventing: blood
loss and the entry of pathogens* <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12pt;"> </span></p>
<div style="border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; margin-left: 1.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-element: para-border-div; padding: 1.0pt 4.0pt 1.0pt 4.0pt;">
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="border: none; line-height: normal; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-between: .5pt solid windowtext; mso-padding-alt: 1.0pt 4.0pt 1.0pt 4.0pt; mso-padding-between: 1.0pt; padding: 0cm;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">B 10. Diseases and immunity<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</div>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 21.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none; text-indent: 15.0pt;"><u><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12pt;">10.1 Diseases and immunity<o:p></o:p></span></u></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l20 level1 lfo14; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt;">·<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12pt;">Describe a pathogen as a disease-causing organism<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l20 level1 lfo14; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt;">·<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12pt;">Describe a transmissible disease as a disease in which
the pathogen can be passed from one host to another<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l20 level1 lfo14; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="color: red; font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="color: red; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">State the features of viruses, limited to a protein coat
and genetic material *<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l20 level1 lfo14; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt;">·<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12pt;">State that a pathogen is transmitted: (a) by direct
contact, including through blood and other body fluids (b) indirectly,
including from contaminated surfaces, food, animals and air<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l20 level1 lfo14; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt;">·<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12pt;">Describe the body defences against pathogens, limited
to: skin, hairs in the nose, mucus, stomach acid and white blood cells<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l21 level1 lfo15; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="color: red; font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="color: red; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Explain the importance of the following in controlling
the spread of disease: (a) a clean water supply (b) hygienic food preparation
(c) good personal hygiene (d) waste disposal (e) sewage treatment (details of
the stages of sewage treatment are not required) *<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l21 level1 lfo15; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="color: red; font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="color: red; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Describe active immunity as defence against a pathogen
by antibody production in the body *<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l21 level1 lfo15; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="color: white; font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="color: red; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">State
that active immunity is gained after an infection by a pathogen or by
vaccination *</span><b><span lang="EN-GB" style="color: white; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><b><span lang="EN-GB" style="color: white; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"> </span></b></p>
<div style="border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; margin-left: 1.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-element: para-border-div; padding: 1.0pt 4.0pt 1.0pt 4.0pt;">
<p class="MsoListParagraph" style="border: none; line-height: normal; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-between: .5pt solid windowtext; mso-padding-alt: 1.0pt 4.0pt 1.0pt 4.0pt; mso-padding-between: 1.0pt; padding: 0cm;"><b><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">B11.
Gas exchange in humans<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
</div>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 36.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><u><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">11.1 Gas exchange in humans<o:p></o:p></span></u></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo16; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt;">·<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12pt;">Identify in diagrams and images the following parts of
the breathing system: lungs, diaphragm, ribs, intercostal muscles, larynx,
trachea, bronchi, bronchioles, alveoli and associated capillaries<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo16; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt;">·<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12pt;">Investigate and describe the effects of physical activity
on the rate and depth of breathing<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo16; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="color: red; font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="color: red; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Describe the features of gas exchange surfaces in
humans, limited to: large surface area, thin surface, good blood supply and
good ventilation with air *<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><b><span lang="EN-GB" style="color: white; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"> </span></b></p>
<div style="border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; margin-left: 1.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-element: para-border-div; padding: 1.0pt 4.0pt 1.0pt 4.0pt;">
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="border: none; line-height: normal; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-between: .5pt solid windowtext; mso-padding-alt: 1.0pt 4.0pt 1.0pt 4.0pt; mso-padding-between: 1.0pt; padding: 0cm;"><b><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">B12. Respiration<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
</div>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle"><u><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">12.1 Respiration<o:p></o:p></span></u></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo17; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt;">·<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12pt;">State the uses of energy in living organisms,
including: muscle contraction, protein synthesis, cell division, growth and the
maintenance of a constant body temperature <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo17; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt;">·<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12pt;">Describe aerobic respiration as the chemical reactions
in cells that use oxygen to break down nutrient molecules to release energy 3
State the word equation for aerobic respiration as: glucose + oxygen → carbon
dioxide + water<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo17; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="color: red; font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="color: red; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">State the balanced symbol equation for aerobic
respiration as: C6H12O6 + 6O2 → 6CO2 + 6H2O *<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="color: red; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><b><span lang="EN-GB" style="color: white; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"> </span></b></p>
<div style="border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; margin-left: 1.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-element: para-border-div; padding: 1.0pt 4.0pt 1.0pt 4.0pt;">
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="border: none; line-height: normal; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-between: .5pt solid windowtext; mso-padding-alt: 1.0pt 4.0pt 1.0pt 4.0pt; mso-padding-between: 1.0pt; padding: 0cm;"><b><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">B13. Drugs<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
</div>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle"><u><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">13.1 Drugs<o:p></o:p></span></u></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo17; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt;">·<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12pt;">Describe a drug as any substance taken into the body
that modifies or affects chemical reactions in the body<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo17; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt;">·<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12pt;">Describe the use of antibiotics for the treatment of
bacterial infections<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo17; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt;">·<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12pt;">State that some bacteria are resistant to antibiotics
which reduces the effectiveness of antibiotics<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo17; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt;">·<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12pt;">State that antibiotics kill bacteria but do not affect
viruses<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo17; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="color: red; font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="color: red; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Explain how using antibiotics only when essential can
limit the development of resistant bacteria such as MRSA *<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="color: red; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12pt;"> </span></p>
<div style="border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; margin-left: 1.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-element: para-border-div; padding: 1.0pt 4.0pt 1.0pt 4.0pt;">
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="border: none; line-height: normal; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-between: .5pt solid windowtext; mso-padding-alt: 1.0pt 4.0pt 1.0pt 4.0pt; mso-padding-between: 1.0pt; padding: 0cm;"><b><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">B14. Reproduction<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
</div>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle"><u><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">14.1 Sexual reproduction in plants<o:p></o:p></span></u></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo17; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt;">·<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12pt;">Identify in diagrams and images and draw the following
parts of an insect-pollinated flower: sepals, petals, stamens, filaments,
anthers, carpels, style, stigma, ovary and ovules<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo17; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="color: red; font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="color: red; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Identify in diagrams and images and describe the anthers
and stigmas of a wind-pollinated flower *<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo17; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt;">·<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12pt;"> State the
functions of the structures listed above <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo17; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt;">·<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12pt;">Describe pollination as the transfer of pollen grains
from an anther to a stigma<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo17; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt;">·<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12pt;">State that fertilisation occurs when a pollen nucleus
fuses with a nucleus in an ovule<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo17; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt;">·<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12pt;">Investigate and describe the environmental conditions
that affect germination of seeds, limited to the requirement for: water, oxygen
and a suitable temperature<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo17; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt;">·<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle"><u><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">14.1 Sexual reproduction in humans<o:p></o:p></span></u></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo17; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt;">·<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12pt;">Identify on diagrams and state the functions of the
following parts of the male reproductive system: testes, scrotum, sperm ducts,
prostate gland, urethra and penis<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo17; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt;">·<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12pt;">Identify on diagrams and state the functions of the
following parts of the female reproductive system: ovaries, oviducts, uterus,
cervix and vagina<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo17; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt;">·<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12pt;">Describe fertilisation as the fusion of the nuclei
from a male gamete (sperm) and a female gamete (egg cell) <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo17; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt;">·<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12pt;">Describe the menstrual cycle in terms of changes in
the ovaries and in the lining of the uterus (knowledge of sex hormones is not
required)<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12pt;"> </span></p>
<div style="border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; margin-left: 1.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-element: para-border-div; padding: 1.0pt 4.0pt 1.0pt 4.0pt;">
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="border: none; line-height: normal; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-between: .5pt solid windowtext; mso-padding-alt: 1.0pt 4.0pt 1.0pt 4.0pt; mso-padding-between: 1.0pt; padding: 0cm;"><b><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">B15. Organisms and their environment<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
</div>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle"><u><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">15.1 Energy flow<o:p></o:p></span></u></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo17; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt;">·<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12pt;">State that the Sun is the principal source of energy
input to biological systems<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo17; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt;">·<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12pt;">Describe the flow of energy through living organisms
including light energy from the Sun and chemical energy in organisms and its
eventual transfer to the environment<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><u><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12pt;">15.2 Food chains and food webs<o:p></o:p></span></u></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo17; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt;">·<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12pt;">Describe a food chain as showing the transfer of
energy from one organism to the next, beginning with a producer<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo17; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt;">·<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12pt;">Construct and interpret simple food chains<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo17; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt;">·<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12pt;">Describe a food web as a network of interconnected
food chains and interpret food webs<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo17; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt;">·<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12pt;">Describe a producer as an organism that makes its own
organic nutrients, usually using energy from sunlight, through photosynthesis<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo17; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt;">·<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12pt;">Describe a consumer as an organism that gets its
energy by feeding on other organisms<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo17; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt;">·<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12pt;">State that consumers may be classed as primary,
secondary and tertiary according to their position in a food chain<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo17; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt;">·<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12pt;">Describe a herbivore as an animal that gets its energy
by eating plants<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo17; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt;">·<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12pt;">Describe a carnivore as an animal that gets its energy
by eating other animals<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo17; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt;">·<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12pt;">Describe a decomposer as an organism that gets its
energy from dead or waste organic material<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo17; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="color: red; font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="color: red; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Use food chains and food webs to describe the impact
humans have through overharvesting of food species and through introducing
foreign species to a habitat *<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><u><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12pt;">15.3 Carbon cycle<o:p></o:p></span></u></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo17; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt;">·<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12pt;">Describe the carbon cycle, limited to: photosynthesis,
respiration, feeding, decomposition, formation of fossil fuels and combustion<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12pt;"> </span></p>
<div style="border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; margin-left: 1.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-element: para-border-div; padding: 1.0pt 4.0pt 1.0pt 4.0pt;">
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="border: none; line-height: normal; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-between: .5pt solid windowtext; mso-padding-alt: 1.0pt 4.0pt 1.0pt 4.0pt; mso-padding-between: 1.0pt; padding: 0cm;"><b><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">B16. Human influences on ecosystems<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
</div>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle"><u><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">16.1 Habitat destruction<o:p></o:p></span></u></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo17; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt;">·<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12pt;">Describe an ecosystem as a unit containing the
community of organisms and their environment, interacting together<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo17; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt;">·<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12pt;">Describe biodiversity as the number of different
species that live in an area<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo17; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt;">·<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12pt;">Describe the reasons for habitat destruction,
including: (a) increased area for housing, crop plant production and livestock
production (b) extraction of natural resources (c) freshwater and marine
pollution (a detailed description of eutrophication is not required)<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo17; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt;">·<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12pt;">State the undesirable effects of deforestation as an
example of habitat destruction, to include: reducing biodiversity, extinction,
loss of soil, flooding and increase of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo17; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="color: red; font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="color: red; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Explain the undesirable effects of deforestation as an
example of habitat destruction, to include: reducing biodiversity, extinction,
loss of soil, flooding and increase of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere *<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><u><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12pt;">16.2 Conservation</span></u><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo22; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt;">·<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12pt;">Outline why organisms become endangered or extinct,
including: climate change, habitat destruction, hunting, overharvesting,
pollution and introduced species<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo22; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="color: red; font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="color: red; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Describe how endangered species can be conserved,
limited to: (a) monitoring and protecting species and habitats (b) education
(c) captive breeding programmes (d) seed banks *<o:p></o:p></span></p></div>
Unknownnoreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1799212062406339413.post-13576441157773234482017-07-30T01:39:00.005-07:002022-10-04T21:34:03.486-07:00The New IGCSE CIE Combined Science 0653 Syllabus<h4>
International <span class="st" data-hveid="63" data-ved="0ahUKEwiakuX5yrDVAhUeOsAKHRzvCAMQ4EUIPzAB">General Certificate of Secondary Education (IGCSE) for the Cambridge International Education for Combined Science (0653) 2025-2027</span></h4><div><span class="st" data-hveid="63" data-ved="0ahUKEwiakuX5yrDVAhUeOsAKHRzvCAMQ4EUIPzAB">Use this syllabus for exams in 2025, 2026 and 2027</span></div>
<ul>
<li><span class="st" data-hveid="63" data-ved="0ahUKEwiakuX5yrDVAhUeOsAKHRzvCAMQ4EUIPzAB">IGCSE</span></li>
<li><span class="st" data-hveid="63" data-ved="0ahUKEwiakuX5yrDVAhUeOsAKHRzvCAMQ4EUIPzAB">CIE</span></li>
<li><span class="st" data-hveid="63" data-ved="0ahUKEwiakuX5yrDVAhUeOsAKHRzvCAMQ4EUIPzAB">Combined Science (0653)</span></li>
<li><span class="st" data-hveid="63" data-ved="0ahUKEwiakuX5yrDVAhUeOsAKHRzvCAMQ4EUIPzAB">Chemistry</span></li>
<li><span class="st" data-hveid="63" data-ved="0ahUKEwiakuX5yrDVAhUeOsAKHRzvCAMQ4EUIPzAB">Biology</span></li>
<li><span class="st" data-hveid="63" data-ved="0ahUKEwiakuX5yrDVAhUeOsAKHRzvCAMQ4EUIPzAB">Physics</span></li>
</ul>
<br />
<span class="st" data-hveid="63" data-ved="0ahUKEwiakuX5yrDVAhUeOsAKHRzvCAMQ4EUIPzAB">The entire specification can be found on the CIE website <a href="http://www.cie.org.uk/Images/329756-2019-2021-syllabus.pdf" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">here.</a></span><br />
<br />
I have created a nine slide PowerPoint summary explaining the new CIE Combined
Science 0653 syllabus. The slides give an overview of syllabus, an explanation of the paper choices and a link to the official CIE website with the original
specification. Embedded in the file are three word documents that explain
the Chemistry, Biology and Physics syllabus in more detail. It is available for free on the following sites:<br />
<div style="text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<h2 style="text-align: center;">
<span style="color: red;"><a href="https://www.tes.com/teaching-resource/resource-11684285" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">TES</a></span></h2>
<h2>
<div style="text-align: center;">
<a href="https://payhip.com/b/kaAG" rel="nofollow" target="_blank"><span style="color: red;">Payhip</span></a></div>
</h2>
<h2>
<div style="text-align: center;">
<a href="https://www.teacherspayteachers.com/Product/IGCSE-COMBINED-SCIENCE-0653-Cambridge-CIE-Syllabus-2025-2027-2244468" rel="nofollow" target="_blank"><span style="color: red;">TPT </span></a></div>
</h2>
<div style="text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<span class="st" data-hveid="63" data-ved="0ahUKEwiakuX5yrDVAhUeOsAKHRzvCAMQ4EUIPzAB"><br /></span>igcse101http://www.blogger.com/profile/02882023597397078600noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1799212062406339413.post-88265820596611992162015-05-22T13:05:00.003-07:002022-10-05T06:00:35.729-07:00Chemistry Syllabus 0653 Syllabus 2025-2027<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on"><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><div style="border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; margin-left: 36.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-element: para-border-div; padding: 1.0pt 4.0pt 1.0pt 4.0pt;">
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="border: none; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-between: .5pt solid windowtext; mso-padding-alt: 1.0pt 4.0pt 1.0pt 4.0pt; mso-padding-between: 1.0pt; padding: 0cm;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Chemistry Syllabus 0653 Syllabus 2025-2027-
Chemistry<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</div>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">The official CIE syllabus can be found
</span><span lang="EN-GB"><a href="https://www.cambridgeinternational.org/Images/662474-2025-2027-syllabus.pdf"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">here.</span></a></span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"> It is best to always refer to the original
syllabus. <span style="color: red;">*=extended material </span><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"> </span></p>
<div style="border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; margin-left: 36.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-element: para-border-div; padding: 1.0pt 4.0pt 1.0pt 4.0pt;">
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="border: none; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-between: .5pt solid windowtext; mso-padding-alt: 1.0pt 4.0pt 1.0pt 4.0pt; mso-padding-between: 1.0pt; padding: 0cm;"><b><u><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">C1. States of matter<o:p></o:p></span></u></b></p>
</div>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">State the distinguishing properties of solids,
liquids and gases<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Describe the structure of solids, liquids and
gases in terms of particle separation, arrangement and motion<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Describe the changes of state in terms of
melting, boiling, evaporation, freezing and condensation <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Describe the effects of
temperature and pressure on the volume of a gas</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="color: red; font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="color: red; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Explain changes of state in terms of
kinetic particle theory *<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"> </span></p>
<div style="border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; margin-left: 36.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-element: para-border-div; padding: 1.0pt 4.0pt 1.0pt 4.0pt;">
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="border: none; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-between: .5pt solid windowtext; mso-padding-alt: 1.0pt 4.0pt 1.0pt 4.0pt; mso-padding-between: 1.0pt; padding: 0cm;"><b><u><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">C2. </span></u></b><b><u><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Atoms,
elements and compounds</span></u></b><b><u><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><o:p></o:p></span></u></b></p>
</div>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><u><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">2.1</span></u><u><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Elements, compounds and mixtures</span></u><u><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><o:p></o:p></span></u></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo3; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Describe the differences
between elements, compounds and mixtures<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><u><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">2.2 </span></u><u><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Atomic structure and the Periodic
Table</span></u><u><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><o:p></o:p></span></u></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo3; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Describe
the structure of the atom as a central nucleus containing neutrons and protons,
surrounded by electrons in shells <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo3; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">State
the relative charges and relative masses of a proton, neutron and an electron <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo3; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Define
proton number/atomic number -number of protons in the nucleus of an atom <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo3; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Define
mass number/nucleon number as the total number of protons and neutrons in the
nucleus of an atom <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo3; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Determine
the electronic configuration of elements with proton number 1 to 20<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">State that: <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 72.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l8 level2 lfo3; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Courier New";">o<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Group
VIII noble gases have a full outer shell <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 72.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l8 level2 lfo3; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Courier New";">o<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">the
number of outer-shell electrons is equal to group number in Groups I-VII <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 72.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l8 level2 lfo3; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Courier New";">o<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">the
number of occupied electron shells is equal to the period number<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 72.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 36.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm;"><u><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">2.3 I</span></u><u><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">ons and ionic bonds<o:p></o:p></span></u></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo4; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Describe the formation of positive ions, known as cations,
and negative ions, known as anions <u><o:p></o:p></u></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo4; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">State that an ionic bond is a strong electrostatic attraction
between oppositely charged ions<u><o:p></o:p></u></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo4; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Describe the formation of ionic bonds between elements from Group
I and Group VII, including the use of dot-and-cross diagrams<u><o:p></o:p></u></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo4; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="color: red; font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="color: red; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Describe the formation of ionic bonds between ions
of metallic and non-metallic elements, including the use of dot-and-cross
diagrams*<u><o:p></o:p></u></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo4; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">·<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Describe the properties of
ionic compounds: (a) high melting points and boiling points (b) good electrical
conductivity when aqueous or molten and poor when solid (c) generally soluble
in water<u><o:p></o:p></u></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo4; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="color: red; font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="color: red; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Describe the giant lattice structure of ionic
compounds as a regular arrangement of alternating positive and negative ions,
exemplified by sodium chloride*<u><o:p></o:p></u></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto;"><br /></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto;"><u><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">2.4 Simple
molecules and covalent bonds<o:p></o:p></span></u></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo4; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">·<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">State that a covalent bond
is formed when a pair of electrons is shared between two atoms leading to noble
gas electronic configurations <u><o:p></o:p></u></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo4; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">·<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Describe the formation of
covalent bonds in simple molecules, including H2, Cl 2, H2O, CH4, NH3 and HCl.
Use dot-andcross diagrams to show the electronic configurations in these
molecules<u><o:p></o:p></u></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo4; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="color: red; font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="color: red; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Describe the formation of covalent bonds in simple
molecules, including CH3OH, C2H4, O2, CO2 and N2. Use dot-and-cross diagrams to
show the electronic configurations in these molecules*<u><o:p></o:p></u></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo4; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">·<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Describe the properties of
simple molecular compounds: (a) low melting points and boiling points (b) poor
electrical conductivity<u><o:p></o:p></u></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto;"><sub><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"> </span></sub></p>
<div style="border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; margin-left: 36.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-element: para-border-div; padding: 1.0pt 4.0pt 1.0pt 4.0pt;">
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="border: none; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-between: .5pt solid windowtext; mso-padding-alt: 1.0pt 4.0pt 1.0pt 4.0pt; mso-padding-between: 1.0pt; padding: 0cm;"><b><u><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">C3. Stoichiometry<o:p></o:p></span></u></b></p>
</div>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto;"><u><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">3.1
Formulas<o:p></o:p></span></u></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">State the formulas of the elements and compounds named in the
subject content</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Define the molecular formula of a compound as the number and
type of atoms in one molecule</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Deduce the formula of a simple molecular compound from the
relative numbers of atoms present in a model or a diagrammatic representation</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="color: red; font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="color: red; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Deduce the formula of an ionic compound from the
relative numbers of the ions present in a model or a diagrammatic
representation or from the charges on the ions*</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="color: red; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">·<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Construct word equations to
show how reactants form products</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">·<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Balance and interpret simple
symbol equations, including state symbols</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="color: red; font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="color: red; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Construct symbol equations with state symbols,
including ionic equations *</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="color: red; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="color: red; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"> </span></p>
<div style="border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; margin-left: 36.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-element: para-border-div; padding: 1.0pt 4.0pt 1.0pt 4.0pt;">
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="border: none; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-between: .5pt solid windowtext; mso-padding-alt: 1.0pt 4.0pt 1.0pt 4.0pt; mso-padding-between: 1.0pt; padding: 0cm;"><b><u><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">C4. Electrochemistry<o:p></o:p></span></u></b></p>
</div>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><u><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">4.1 Electrolysis <o:p></o:p></span></u></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo2; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Define electrolysis as the
decomposition of an ionic compound, when molten or in aqueous solution, by the
passage of an electric current</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo2; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Identify in simple
electrolytic cells: (a) the anode as the positive electrode (b) the cathode as
the negative electrode (c) the electrolyte as the molten or aqueous substance
that undergoes electrolysis</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo2; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Identify the products
formed at the electrodes and describe the observations, made during the
electrolysis of: (a) molten lead(II) bromide (b) concentrated aqueous sodium
chloride (c) dilute sulfuric acid using inert electrodes made of platinum or
carbon/graphite</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo2; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="color: red; font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="color: red; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">State that
metals or hydrogen are formed at the cathode and that non-metals (other than
hydrogen) are formed at the anode *</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="color: red; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo2; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="color: red; font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="color: red; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Predict the
identity of the products at each electrode for the electrolysis of a binary
compound in the molten state *</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="color: red; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="color: red; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"> </span></p>
<div style="border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; margin-left: 18.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-element: para-border-div; padding: 1.0pt 4.0pt 1.0pt 4.0pt;">
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="border: none; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 18.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-between: .5pt solid windowtext; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo2; mso-padding-alt: 1.0pt 4.0pt 1.0pt 4.0pt; mso-padding-between: 1.0pt; padding: 0cm; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><b><u><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">C5.
</span></u></b><b><u><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Chemical energetics</span></u></b><b><u><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><o:p></o:p></span></u></b></p>
</div>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><u><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">5.1 </span></u><u><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Exothermic and endothermic reactions<o:p></o:p></span></u></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo2; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">State that an exothermic reaction transfers
thermal energy to the surroundings leading to an increase in the temperature of
the surroundings<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo2; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">State that an endothermic reaction takes in
thermal energy from the surroundings leading to a decrease in the temperature
of the surroundings<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo2; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="color: red; font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="color: red; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Interpret
reaction pathway diagrams showing exothermic and endothermic reactions</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="color: red; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo2; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="color: red; font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="color: red; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Define
activation energy, Ea, as the minimum energy that colliding particles must have
to react *</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="color: red; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo2; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="color: red; font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="color: red; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Draw and label
reaction pathway diagrams for exothermic and endothermic reactions using
information provided, to include: (a) reactants (b) products (c) overall energy
change of reaction (d) activation energy, Ea *</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="color: red; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo2; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="color: red; font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="color: red; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">State that bond
breaking is an endothermic process and bond making is an exothermic process*</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="color: red; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"> </span></p>
<div style="border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; margin-left: 18.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-element: para-border-div; padding: 1.0pt 4.0pt 1.0pt 4.0pt;">
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="border: none; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 18.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-between: .5pt solid windowtext; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo2; mso-padding-alt: 1.0pt 4.0pt 1.0pt 4.0pt; mso-padding-between: 1.0pt; padding: 0cm; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><b><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">C6.
Chemical reactions<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
</div>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 18.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none; text-indent: 18.0pt;"><u><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">6.1 </span></u><u><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Physical and chemical changes</span></u><u><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><o:p></o:p></span></u></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo2; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Identify physical and chemical changes, and
understand the differences between them<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 18.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none; text-indent: 18.0pt;"><u><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">6.2 Rate of reaction<o:p></o:p></span></u></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo2; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Describe the effect on the rate of reaction
of: (a) changing the concentration of solutions (b) changing the surface area
of solids (c) changing the temperature
(d) adding or removing a catalyst<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo2; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="color: red; font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="color: red; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Explain the effect on the rate of reaction
of: (a) changing the concentration of solutions (b) changing the surface area
of solids (c) changing the temperature (d) adding or removing a catalyst using
collision theory *<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo2; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">·<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">State that a catalyst increases the rate of a
reaction and is unchanged at the end of a reaction<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo2; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">·<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Describe practical methods for investigating
the rate of a reaction including change in mass of a reactant or product and
the formation of a gas<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo2; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">·<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Interpret data, including graphs, from rate
of reaction experiments<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo2; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="color: red; font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="color: red; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Describe
collision theory in terms of: (a) number of particles per unit volume (b)
frequency of collisions between particles (c) kinetic energy of particles (d)
activation energy, Ea *</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="color: red; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><br /></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 18.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none; text-indent: 18.0pt;"><u><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">6.3
Redox<o:p></o:p></span></u></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l10 level1 lfo5; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">·<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Define redox reactions as
involving simultaneous oxidation and reduction</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l10 level1 lfo5; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">·<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Define oxidation as gain of
oxygen and reduction as loss of oxygen</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l10 level1 lfo5; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">·<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Identify redox reactions as
reactions involving gain and loss of oxygen</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l10 level1 lfo5; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">·<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Identify oxidation and
reduction in redox reactions. (Oxidation number limited to its use to name
ions, e.g. iron(II), iron(III), copper(II).)</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"> </span></p>
<div style="border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; margin-left: 18.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-element: para-border-div; padding: 1.0pt 4.0pt 1.0pt 4.0pt;">
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="border: none; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 18.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-between: .5pt solid windowtext; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo2; mso-padding-alt: 1.0pt 4.0pt 1.0pt 4.0pt; mso-padding-between: 1.0pt; padding: 0cm; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><b><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">C7.
Acids, bases and salts<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
</div>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 18.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none; text-indent: 18.0pt;"><u><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">7.1 The characteristic properties of
acids and bases<o:p></o:p></span></u></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l11 level1 lfo6; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Describe the characteristic properties of
acids in terms of their reactions with: (a) metals (b) bases (c) carbonates<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l11 level1 lfo6; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Describe acids in terms of their effect on the
indicators: (a) litmus (b) methyl orange<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l11 level1 lfo6; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">State that bases are oxides or hydroxides of
metals and that alkalis are soluble bases<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l11 level1 lfo6; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Describe the characteristic properties of
bases in terms of their reactions with acids <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l11 level1 lfo6; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Describe alkalis in terms of their effect on
the indicators: (a) litmus (b) methyl orange<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l11 level1 lfo6; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Describe how to compare neutrality, relative
acidity and relative alkalinity in terms of colour and pH using universal
indicator<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><u><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">7.2 Oxides<o:p></o:p></span></u></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo2; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Classify oxides as either acidic, including SO2
and CO2, or basic, including CuO and CaO, related to metallic and non-metallic
character<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="color: red; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><u><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">7.3 Preparation of salts<o:p></o:p></span></u></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l14 level1 lfo7; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Describe the preparation, separation and purification of
soluble salts by reaction of an acid with: (a) an alkali by titration (b)
excess metal (c) excess insoluble base (d) excess insoluble carbonate
(candidates do not need to know general solubility rules for salts)<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l14 level1 lfo7; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="color: red; font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="color: red; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Describe the preparation of insoluble salts by
precipitation (candidates do not need to know general solubility rules for salts)
*<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"> </span></p>
<div style="border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; margin-left: 18.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-element: para-border-div; padding: 1.0pt 4.0pt 1.0pt 4.0pt;">
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="border: none; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 18.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-between: .5pt solid windowtext; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo2; mso-padding-alt: 1.0pt 4.0pt 1.0pt 4.0pt; mso-padding-between: 1.0pt; padding: 0cm; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><b><u><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">C8.
The Periodic Table<o:p></o:p></span></u></b></p>
</div>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><u><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">8.1 The Periodic Table<o:p></o:p></span></u></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo9; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Describe the Periodic Table as an arrangement
of elements in periods and groups and in order of increasing proton
number/atomic number<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo9; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Describe the change from metallic to
non-metallic character across a period<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo9; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="color: red; font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="color: red; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Identify trends
in groups, given information about the elements *</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="color: red; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><u><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">8.2 </span></u><u><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Group I properties<o:p></o:p></span></u></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo2; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Describe the Group I alkali metals, lithium,
sodium and potassium, as relatively soft metals with general trends down the
group, limited to: (a) decreasing melting point (b) increasing density (c)
increasing reactivity with water<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo2; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="color: red; font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="color: red; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Predict the
properties of other elements in Group I, given information about the elements *</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="color: red; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><u><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">8.3 </span></u><u><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Group VII properties<o:p></o:p></span></u></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo10; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Describe the Group VII halogens, chlorine,
bromine and iodine, as diatomic non-metals with general trends down the group,
limited to: (a) increasing density (b) decreasing reactivity<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l13 level1 lfo8; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">State the appearance of the halogens at room
temperature and pressure, r.t.p., as: (a) chlorine, a pale yellow-green gas (b)
bromine, a red-brown liquid (c) iodine, a grey-black solid<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l13 level1 lfo8; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="color: red; font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="color: red; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Describe and explain the
displacement reactions of halogens with other halide ions<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l13 level1 lfo8; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="color: red; font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="color: red; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Predict the properties of other
elements in Group VII, given information about the elements *<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><u><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"> </span></u></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><u><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">8.4 Transition elements<o:p></o:p></span></u></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l13 level1 lfo8; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Describe the transition
elements as metals that: (a) have high densities (b) have high melting points
(c) form coloured compounds (d) often act as catalysts as elements and in
compounds<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><u><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"> </span></u></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><u><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">8.5 Noble gases<o:p></o:p></span></u></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l13 level1 lfo8; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Describe the Group VIII noble gases as unreactive, monatomic
gases and explain this in terms of electronic configuration</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"> </span></p>
<div style="border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; margin-left: 18.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-element: para-border-div; padding: 1.0pt 4.0pt 1.0pt 4.0pt;">
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="border: none; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 18.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-between: .5pt solid windowtext; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo2; mso-padding-alt: 1.0pt 4.0pt 1.0pt 4.0pt; mso-padding-between: 1.0pt; padding: 0cm; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><b><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">C9.
Metals<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
</div>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><u><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">9.1 Properties of metals<o:p></o:p></span></u></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l13 level1 lfo8; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Compare the general physical properties of
metals and non-metals, including: (a) thermal conductivity (b) electrical conductivity
(c) malleability and ductility (d) melting points and boiling points<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l13 level1 lfo8; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Describe the general chemical properties of
metals, limited to their reactions with: (a) dilute acids (b) cold water and
steam<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><u><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">9.2 Uses of metals<o:p></o:p></span></u></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l13 level1 lfo8; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Describe the uses of metals in terms of their
physical properties, including: (a) aluminium in the manufacture of aircraft
because of its low density (b) aluminium in the manufacture of overhead
electrical cables because of its low density and good electrical conductivity
(c) aluminium in food containers because of its resistance to corrosion (d)
copper in electrical wiring because of its good electrical conductivity<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto;"><u><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">9.3 Alloys and their properties<o:p></o:p></span></u></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l13 level1 lfo8; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Describe
alloys as mixtures of a metal with other elements, including: (a) brass as a
mixture of copper and zinc (b) stainless steel as a mixture of iron and other
elements such as chromium, nickel and carbon<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l13 level1 lfo8; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">State
that alloys can be harder and stronger than the pure metals and are more useful
<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l13 level1 lfo8; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Describe
the use of alloys in terms of their physical properties, including stainless
steel in cutlery because of its hardness and resistance to rusting <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l13 level1 lfo8; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Identify
representations of alloys from diagrams of structure<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l13 level1 lfo8; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="color: red; font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="color: red; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Explain in terms of structure how alloys can be
harder and stronger than the pure metals because the different sized atoms in
alloys mean the layers can no longer slide over each other*</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="color: red; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="color: red; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 18.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-indent: 18.0pt;"><u><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">9.4 Reactivity series<o:p></o:p></span></u></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l16 level1 lfo11; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">State the order of the reactivity series as: potassium,
sodium, calcium, magnesium, aluminium, carbon, zinc, iron, hydrogen, copper,
silver, gold <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l16 level1 lfo11; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Describe the reactions, if any, of: (a) potassium, sodium and
calcium with cold water (b) magnesium with steam (c) magnesium, zinc, iron,
copper, silver and gold with dilute hydrochloric acid and explain these
reactions in terms of the position of the metals in the reactivity series <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l16 level1 lfo11; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Deduce an order of reactivity from a given set of
experimental results<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 18.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 18.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-indent: 18.0pt;"><u><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">9.5 Corrosion of metals</span></u><u><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></u></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l15 level1 lfo12; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">State the conditions required for the rusting of iron
(presence of oxygen and water) <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l15 level1 lfo12; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">State some common barrier methods, including painting,
greasing and coating with plastic <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l15 level1 lfo12; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Describe how barrier methods prevent rusting by excluding
oxygen and water<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 18.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-indent: 18.0pt;"><u><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">9.5 Extraction of metals<o:p></o:p></span></u></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l15 level1 lfo12; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Describe the ease in obtaining metals from their ores,
related to the position of the metal in the reactivity series<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l15 level1 lfo12; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">State that iron from hematite is extracted by reduction of
iron(III) oxide in the blast furnace<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l15 level1 lfo12; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">State that main ore of aluminium is bauxite and that
aluminium is extracted by electrolysis<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l15 level1 lfo12; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="color: red; font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="color: red; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Describe the extraction of iron from hematite in
the blast furnace, limited to: (a) the burning of carbon (coke) to provide heat
and produce carbon dioxide C + O2 → CO2 (b) the reduction of carbon dioxide to
carbon monoxide C + CO2 → 2CO (c) the reduction of iron(III) oxide by carbon
monoxide Fe2O3 + 3CO → 2Fe + 3CO2 *<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;"><u><span lang="EN-GB" style="color: red; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"> </span></u></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto;"><u><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"> </span></u></p>
<div style="border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; margin-left: 18.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-element: para-border-div; padding: 0cm 4.0pt 1.0pt 4.0pt;">
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="border: none; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 18.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-between: .5pt solid windowtext; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo2; mso-padding-alt: 0cm 4.0pt 1.0pt 4.0pt; mso-padding-between: 1.0pt; padding: 0cm; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><b><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">C10.
Chemistry and the Environment <o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
</div>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><u><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">10.1 Water<o:p></o:p></span></u></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo2; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Describe chemical tests for the presence of
water using anhydrous cobalt(II) chloride and anhydrous copper(II) sulfate <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo2; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">State that distilled water is used in
practical chemistry rather than tap water because it contains fewer chemical
impurities<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo2; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Describe the treatment of the domestic water
supply in terms of: (a) sedimentation and filtration to remove solids (b) use
of carbon to remove tastes and odours (c) chlorination to kill microbes<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><u><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">10.2 Air quality and climate<o:p></o:p></span></u></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo2; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">State the composition of clean, dry air as
approximately 78% nitrogen, N2, 21% oxygen, O2, and the remainder as a mixture
of noble gases and carbon dioxide, CO2<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo2; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">State the source of each of these air
pollutants, limited to: (a) carbon dioxide from the complete combustion of
carbon-containing fuels (b) carbon monoxide and particulates from the
incomplete combustion of carboncontaining fuels (c) methane from the
decomposition of vegetation and waste gases from digestion in animals (d)
oxides of nitrogen from car engines (e) sulfur dioxide from the combustion of
fossil fuels which contain sulfur compounds<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo2; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">State the adverse effect of these air
pollutants, limited to: (a) carbon dioxide: higher levels of carbon dioxide
leading to increased global warming, which leads to climate change (b) carbon
monoxide: toxic gas (c) particulates: increased risk of respiratory problems
and cancer (d) methane: higher levels of methane leading to increased global
warming, which leads to climate change (e) oxides of nitrogen: acid rain and
respiratory problems (f) sulfur dioxide: acid rain<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo2; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="color: red; font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="color: red; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">State and explain strategies to
reduce the effects of climate change: (a) planting trees (b) reduction in
livestock farming, (c) decreasing use of fossil fuels (d) increasing use of
renewable energy, e.g. wind, solar *<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo2; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="color: red; font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="color: red; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">State strategies to reduce the
effects of acid rain: reducing emissions of sulfur dioxide by using low-sulfur
fuels *<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo2; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="color: red; font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="color: red; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Describe how the greenhouse gases
carbon dioxide and methane cause global warming, limited to: (a) the
absorption, reflection and emission of thermal energy (b) reducing thermal
energy loss to space *<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"> </span></p>
<div style="border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; margin-left: 18.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-element: para-border-div; padding: 1.0pt 4.0pt 1.0pt 4.0pt;">
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="border: none; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 18.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-between: .5pt solid windowtext; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo2; mso-padding-alt: 1.0pt 4.0pt 1.0pt 4.0pt; mso-padding-between: 1.0pt; padding: 0cm; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><a name="_Hlk115625626"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><b><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">C11. Organic chemistry<o:p></o:p></span></b></a></p>
</div>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><u><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">11.1 Terminology<o:p></o:p></span></u></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo13; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">State
that a saturated compound has molecules in which all carbon–carbon bonds are
single bond<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo13; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">State
that an unsaturated compound has molecules in which one or more carbon–carbon
bonds are not single bonds<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo13; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="color: red; font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="color: red; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">State that a homologous series is a family of similar compounds with
similar chemical properties *<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo13; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="color: red; font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="color: red; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Describe the general characteristics of a homologous series as: (a)
having the same general formula (recall of specific general formulas is not
required) (b) displaying a trend in physical properties *<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="color: red; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><u><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">11.2 Fuels<o:p></o:p></span></u></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo2; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Name the fossil fuels: coal, natural gas and
petroleum<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo2; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Name methane as the main constituent of
natural gas<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo2; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">State that hydrocarbons are compounds that
contain hydrogen and carbon only<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo2; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">State that petroleum is a mixture of
hydrocarbons<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo2; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Describe the separation of petroleum into
useful fractions by fractional distillation<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo2; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Name the uses of the fractions as: (a) refinery
gas fraction for gas used in heating and cooking (b) gasoline/petrol fraction
for fuel used in cars (c) naphtha fraction as a chemical feedstock (d) diesel
oil/gas oil for fuel used in diesel engines (e) bitumen for making roads<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo2; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="color: red; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Describe how the properties of
fractions obtained from petroleum change from the bottom to the top of the
fractionating column, limited to: (a) decreasing chain length (b) lower boiling
points *</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><u><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">11.3 Alkanes<o:p></o:p></span></u></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo2; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">·<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">State that the bonding in alkanes is single
covalent and that alkanes are saturated hydrocarbons<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo2; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">·<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Describe the properties of alkanes as being
generally unreactive, except in terms of combustion<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><u><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"> </span></u></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><u><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">11.4 Alkenes<o:p></o:p></span></u></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l9 level1 lfo14; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">State
that the bonding in alkenes includes a double carbon–carbon covalent bond and
that alkenes are unsaturated hydrocarbons<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l9 level1 lfo14; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Describe
the test to distinguish between saturated and unsaturated hydrocarbons by their
reaction with aqueous bromine<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l9 level1 lfo14; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Describe
the manufacture of alkenes and hydrogen by the cracking of larger alkane
molecules using a high temperature and a catalyst<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="mso-list: l9 level1 lfo14; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Describe
the properties of alkenes in terms of addition reactions with: (a) bromine (b)
hydrogen in the presence of a nickel catalyst (c) steam in the presence of an
acid catalyst<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><u><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"> </span></u></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><u><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">11.5 Polymers<o:p></o:p></span></u></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo2; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Define polymers as large molecules built up
from many smaller molecules called monomers<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo2; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">State that the formation of poly(ethene) is an
example of addition polymerisation using ethene (an alkene) monomers<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"> </span></p>
<div style="border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; margin-left: 18.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-element: para-border-div; padding: 1.0pt 4.0pt 1.0pt 4.0pt;">
<p class="MsoListParagraph" style="border: none; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 18.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-between: .5pt solid windowtext; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo2; mso-padding-alt: 1.0pt 4.0pt 1.0pt 4.0pt; mso-padding-between: 1.0pt; padding: 0cm; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><b><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">C12. Experimental techniques and chemical
analysis<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
</div>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none; text-indent: 36.0pt;"><u><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">12.1
Experimental design <o:p></o:p></span></u></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 39.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo15; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">1
Name appropriate apparatus for the measurement of time, temperature, mass and
volume, including: (a) stop-watches (b) thermometers (c) balances (d) burettes
(e) volumetric pipettes (f) measuring cylinders (g) gas syringes <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 39.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo15; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Describe
a: (a) solvent as a substance that dissolves a solute (b) solute as a substance
that is dissolved in a solvent (c) solution as a mixture of one or more solutes
dissolved in a solvent (d) saturated solution as a solution containing the
maximum concentration of a solute dissolved in the solvent at a specified
temperature (e) residue as a solid substance that remains after evaporation,
distillation, filtration or any similar process (f) filtrate as a liquid or
solution that has passed through a filter<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none; text-indent: 36.0pt;"><u><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">12.2
Chromatography<o:p></o:p></span></u></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 54.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo16; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Describe
how paper chromatography is used to separate mixtures of soluble coloured
substances, using a suitable solvent<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 54.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo16; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Interpret
simple chromatograms to identify: (a) unknown substances by comparison with
known substances (b) pure and impure substances<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 54.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo16; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="color: red; font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="color: red;">State and use
the equation for Rf : Rf = distance travelled by substance / distance travelled
by solvent *</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="color: red; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 54.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="color: red; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 36.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><u><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">12.3
Separation and purification<o:p></o:p></span></u></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l12 level1 lfo17; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">·<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Describe and explain methods of separation
and purification using: (a) a suitable solvent (b) filtration (c)
crystallisation (d) simple distillation (e) fractional distillation <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l12 level1 lfo17; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">·<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Suggest suitable separation and purification
techniques, given information about the substances involved<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 36.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><u><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">12.4
Identification of ions and gases<o:p></o:p></span></u></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l12 level1 lfo17; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Describe tests to identify
the anions: <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">(a) carbonate, CO3 2–, by reaction
with dilute acid and then testing for carbon dioxide gas <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">(b) chloride, Cl –, bromide, Br – ,
and iodide, I – , by acidifying with dilute nitric acid then adding aqueous
silver nitrate <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">(c) sulfate, SO4 2–, by acidifying with
dilute nitric acid and then adding aqueous barium nitrate <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l12 level1 lfo17; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">·<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Describe tests using aqueous sodium hydroxide and aqueous
ammonia to identify the aqueous cations: </span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l12 level1 lfo17; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">·<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">(a) ammonium, NH4 + </span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l12 level1 lfo17; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">·<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">(b) calcium, Ca2+ </span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l12 level1 lfo17; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">·<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">(c) copper(II), Cu2+</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l12 level1 lfo17; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">·<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">(d) iron(II), Fe2+ </span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l12 level1 lfo17; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">·<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">(e) iron(III), Fe3+ </span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l12 level1 lfo17; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">·<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">(f) zinc, Zn2+ (formulas of complex ions are not required)</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l12 level1 lfo17; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">·<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Describe tests to identify the gases: </span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l12 level1 lfo17; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">·<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">(a) ammonia, NH3, using damp red litmus paper</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l12 level1 lfo17; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">·<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">(b) carbon dioxide, CO2, using limewater </span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l12 level1 lfo17; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">·<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">(c) chlorine, Cl 2, using damp litmus paper (</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l12 level1 lfo17; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">·<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">d) hydrogen, H2, using a lighted splint </span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l12 level1 lfo17; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">·<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">(e) oxygen, O2, using a glowing splint</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l12 level1 lfo17; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">·<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Describe the use of a flame test to identify
the cations: <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l12 level1 lfo17; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">·<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">(a) lithium, Li+ <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l12 level1 lfo17; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="NL" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">·<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="NL" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">(b) sodium, Na+ <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l12 level1 lfo17; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="NL" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">·<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="NL" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">(c) potassium, K+ <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l12 level1 lfo17; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="NL" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">·<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="NL" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">(d) copper(II), Cu2+<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span lang="NL" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"> </span></p></div>
</div>
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